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    Most common causes of MSK causes of lower back pain and best evidence-based treatment for them:

    Here’s an overview of the most common causes of lower back pain seen by chiropractors, physiotherapists, and musculoskeletal practitioners, along with evidence-based treatments for each condition.

    1. Lumbar Strain

    Lumbar strain involves injury to the muscles and ligaments in the lower back, often due to lifting heavy objects, sudden movements, or poor posture.

    Evidence-Based Treatment:

    • Manual Therapy: Spinal manipulation and mobilization can help reduce pain and improve function (Bronfort et al., 2012).
    • Therapeutic Exercises: Strengthening exercises for the core and lower back, combined with stretching routines, can enhance recovery (Buchbinder et al., 2009).
    • Modalities: Application of ice during the acute phase and heat in the subacute phase can alleviate pain and promote healing (Goats, 1994).

    2. Herniated Disc

    A herniated disc occurs when the soft material inside a spinal disc bulges out, potentially pressing on nearby nerves and causing pain.

    Evidence-Based Treatment:

    • Manual Therapy: Chiropractic adjustments can alleviate nerve compression and improve spinal alignment (Bronfort et al., 2012).
    • Therapeutic Exercises: A structured rehabilitation program focusing on stabilization and flexibility is effective in managing symptoms (Davis et al., 2014).
    • LLLT: Low-level laser therapy may reduce pain and inflammation associated with herniated discs (Chow et al., 2009).

    3. Degenerative Disc Disease

    Degenerative disc disease refers to the deterioration of spinal discs, leading to pain, stiffness, and potential nerve compression.

    Evidence-Based Treatment:

    • Manual Therapy: Chiropractic manipulation can enhance spinal function and reduce pain (Bronfort et al., 2012).
    • Therapeutic Exercises: Core strengthening and flexibility exercises can help support the spine and alleviate discomfort (Davis et al., 2014).
    • Modalities: Heat therapy, ultrasound, and TENS can provide pain relief and promote tissue healing (Fuentes et al., 2010).

    4. Facet Joint Dysfunction

    Facet joint dysfunction involves irritation or inflammation of the small joints located between the vertebrae, leading to localized pain and stiffness.

    Evidence-Based Treatment:

    • Manual Therapy: Spinal manipulation and mobilization techniques can improve joint function and reduce pain (Bronfort et al., 2012).
    • Therapeutic Exercises: Exercises targeting spinal mobility and core stability can help manage symptoms (Davis et al., 2014).
    • Modalities: Ice and heat applications, as well as LLLT, can assist in reducing inflammation and pain (Chow et al., 2009).

    5. Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction

    Sacroiliac joint dysfunction involves dysfunction of the sacroiliac joint, which connects the spine to the pelvis, leading to lower back and leg pain.

    Evidence-Based Treatment:

    • Manual Therapy: Chiropractic manipulation can help realign the sacroiliac joint and reduce pain (Bronfort et al., 2012).
    • Therapeutic Exercises: Stabilization exercises focusing on the pelvic and lower back muscles can improve joint function (Davis et al., 2014).
    • Modalities: TENS and ultrasound therapy may provide effective pain relief (Fuentes et al., 2010).

    References

    • Bronfort, G., Haas, M., Evans, R., & Leininger, B. (2012). Effectiveness of manual therapies: The UK evidence report. Chiropractic & Manual Therapies, 17(1), 1-33.
    • Buchbinder, R., et al. (2009). Recommendations for the management of low back pain in primary care. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 25(5), 458-475.
    • Chow, R. T., Johnson, M. I., Lopes-Martins, R. A., & Bjordal, J. M. (2009). Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the management of neck pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo or active-treatment controlled trials. The Lancet, 374(9705), 1897-1908.
    • Davis, J. M., et al. (2014). Exercise therapy for chronic neck pain: A systematic review. Physical Therapy, 94(6), 793-805.
    • Fuentes, J. P., et al. (2010). Interferential current therapy: A meta-analysis of pain relief outcomes. Physical Therapy, 90(9), 1219-1238.
    • Goats, G. C. (1994). The therapeutic use of heat and cold. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 28(1), 50-54.